{"product_id":"clostridium-differentatie","title":"Clostridium differentiation","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"content_text\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium spp.\u003c\/em\u003e are part of the Firmicutes phylum, which consists of more than 200 different genera such as \u003cem\u003eLactobacillus\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eClostridium\u003c\/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c\/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eRuminicoccus\u003c\/em\u003e. Clostridium genera represent 95% of the \u003cem\u003eFirmicutes\u003c\/em\u003e phyla. They are obligate anaerobic bacteria, and oxygen is toxic to them. Species of the class \u003cem\u003eClostridia\u003c\/em\u003e are often, but not always, gram-positive. Clostridia bacteria are frequently found in the gut biome.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridia\u003c\/em\u003e are spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobic (although some species are microaerophilic) microbiota. They are known to produce a variety of toxins, some of which are potentially lethal. There are three types of clostridia that cause widely recognized and often fatal diseases. \u003cem\u003eClostridium tetani\u003c\/em\u003e is the etiological agent of tetanus, \u003cem\u003eClostridium botulinum\u003c\/em\u003e is the etiological agent of botulism, and \u003cem\u003eClostridium perfringens\u003c\/em\u003e is one of the etiological agents of gas gangrene. Tetanus is contracted by contact between spores of \u003cem\u003eC. tetani\u003c\/em\u003e and an open wound, such as stepping on a rusty nail.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium difficile\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium difficile\u003c\/em\u003e, also known as \u003cem\u003ePeptoclostridium difficile\u003c\/em\u003e, belongs to the gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to an imbalance of the gut biome, resulting in an overgrowth of the species \u003cem\u003eClostridium difficile\u003c\/em\u003e and causing a severe infection. Effects of this infection can lead to severe diarrhea, and the increase in severity of many gut-related diseases is also heightened due to the infection. Other \u003cem\u003eClostridia\u003c\/em\u003e bacteria in the gut have been linked to brain connectivity and healthy function.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. difficile\u003c\/em\u003e is found in nature in water, air, human and animal feces, on most surfaces (especially in hospitals), and particularly in soil. \u003cem\u003eC. difficile\u003c\/em\u003e exhibits optimal growth at human body temperature (37 ℃). Excessive growth of the bacteria in the intestines of human and animal hosts leads to an accumulation of toxins and their harmful effects. It can be transmitted from person to person via the fecal-oral route, often in hospital settings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eC. difficile\u003c\/em\u003e is catalase- and superoxide dismutase-negative and produces two types of toxins: enterotoxin A and cytotoxin B, which disrupt cytoskeletal signal transductions in the host. Under stress conditions, the bacteria produce spores that can survive extreme conditions that active bacteria cannot tolerate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium difficile\u003c\/em\u003e infection (CDI) is a symptomatic infection caused by the spore-forming bacterium \u003cem\u003eClostridium difficile\u003c\/em\u003e. It is spread by bacterial spores in feces. Surfaces can become contaminated with the spores, and further spread occurs via the hands. Risk factors for infection include antibiotic or proton pump inhibitor use, hospitalization, other health problems, and older age.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiagnosis is by stool culture or testing for the bacterium's DNA or toxins. If a person tests positive but has no symptoms, the condition is known as \u003cem\u003eC. difficile\u003c\/em\u003e colonization rather than an infection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSymptoms of \u003cem\u003eClostridium difficile\u003c\/em\u003e infection include watery diarrhea, fever, nausea, and abdominal pain. \u003cem\u003eC. difficile\u003c\/em\u003e infection can take more severe forms such as persistent diarrhea (at least three loose stools per day), dehydration, severe abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and nausea. It accounts for approximately 20% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Complications can include pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, colon perforation, and sepsis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClostridium scindens\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium scindens\u003c\/em\u003e is capable of converting primary bile acids into toxic secondary bile acids, as well as converting glucocorticoids into androgens by side-chain cleavage. \u003cem\u003eC. scindens\u003c\/em\u003e can colonize the human large intestine, and its presence is associated with resistance to \u003cem\u003eC. difficile\u003c\/em\u003e infection, due to the production of secondary bile acids that inhibit the growth of \u003cem\u003eC. difficile\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eClostridium differentiation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClostridium sporogenes\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium sporogenes\u003c\/em\u003e is often found in soil and can sometimes colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, but only in a small subgroup of the population.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClostridium histolyticum\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium histolyticum\u003c\/em\u003e can occur in soil and is also likely a resident of the intestinal tract in humans and animals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClostridium sordellii\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium sordellii\u003c\/em\u003e is a rare form of Clostridium that can cause pneumonia and arthritis, among other conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClostridium septicum\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium septicum\u003c\/em\u003e is found in soil and in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. It is increasingly isolated from human blood, especially in patients with reduced immunity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClostridium tetani\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium tetani\u003c\/em\u003e is widely distributed in soil, but also in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. After autolysis, the bacterium can release the exotoxin tetanospasmin, which can lead to tetanus in humans.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClostridium bifermentans\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium bifermentans\u003c\/em\u003e is a very rare human pathogen.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClostridium baratii\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eClostridium baratii\u003c\/em\u003e can, in very rare cases, cause botulism in newborns, leading to loss of muscle tone and feeding problems due to respiratory difficulties, which can be fatal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"RPSH","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52760415011162,"sku":null,"price":165.0,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/store.bloedcheckup.nl\/products\/clostridium-differentatie","provider":"BloedCheckup","version":"1.0","type":"link"}